Intercalation is the process by which ions (like lithium ions) insert themselves into the layered structure of a host material without significantly disrupting the host’s structure. In batteries, intercalation is a reversible mechanism central to how lithium-ion batteries work: lithium ions intercalate into the graphite anode during charging (the ions slide between graphite layers) and into the cathode (like layered oxides or other structures) during discharging. The host materials have spaces or “interstitial” sites where the ions reside. Intercalation is generally a gentle process in that it preserves the framework of the electrode, which contributes to the long cycle life of intercalation-based batteries (like Li-ion).
By understanding and testing how efficiently ions intercalate into new host materials (for instance, novel layered compounds or new anode materials like certain carbons or oxides), NOVONIX can determine their viability for batteries. NOVONIX examines the limits: pushing intercalation too far can cause structural strain or phase changes. Through precision cycling and tools like XRD (X-ray diffraction) or electron microscopy NOVONIX observes how materials behave as ions shuttle in and out. These insights help in modifying materials (like doping or changing particle morphology) to improve their intercalation properties
