Layered oxide refers to a class of lithium-ion cathode materials that have a crystal structure composed of alternating layers of lithium and transition metal oxides. In these materials (such as lithium cobalt oxide, LiCoO₂, or the family of NMC/NCA compounds like LiNiₓMnᵧCozO₂), lithium ions reside between sheets of metal-oxide and can intercalate/de-intercalate from these layers during charge and discharge. The layered arrangement allows for high lithium-ion mobility and generally high energy density, as many lithium ions can be accommodated. Layered oxides often exhibit high operating voltages (around 3.6–4.3 V vs Li) and high capacities, making them popular in modern lithium-ion. However, they can be sensitive to issues like structural changes if overcharged or heated which can affect performance and safety. Maintaining the integrity of the layered structure through many cycles is key to longevity.
